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nixCraft Patreon supporters can download the PDF version here and support independent content creators. Debian 11 is an excellent server OS to run the LAMP stack. PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language especially suited for web development. However, Debian 11 comes with PHP version 7.4. Here is how to install PHP 8.2 with Apache server on Debian 11 using the CLI or over ssh based session. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to install PHP 8.2 with Apache on Debian 11 Linux appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-04-04T08:43:05Z 2023-04-04T08:43:05Z Vivek Gite

{Updated} In the old days, all Unix and Linux user-encrypted passwords were stored in the world-readable /etc/passwd file. It was reasonably secure then until dictionary attacks on encrypted passwords became typical with modern fast hardware. Hence, the encrypted passwords were moved to a separate /etc/shadow file under Linux which is readable only by the root (admin) user. This new file also allowed password aging and expiration features.The post Understanding /etc/shadow file format on Linux appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-03-30T20:11:00Z 2023-03-30T20:11:00Z Vivek Gite

nixCraft Patreon supporters can download the PDF version here and support independent content creators. You can install LXD pure-container hypervisor on Debian 11 Linux to run an unmodified version of Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora, Alpine, Arch and many other Linux distro. You can mimic AWS or different cloud instance types with LXD for testing and deployment purposes on your development machine. You can also run a GUI app such as Firefox completely isolated using LXD for security or privacy reasons. Let us see how to set up and use LXD on the Debian Linux 11 server or desktop. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How To Install LXD on Debian 11 Linux appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-03-30T16:47:36Z 2023-03-30T16:47:36Z Vivek Gite

Arch Linux uses pacman command to add or remove packages. It is a package management utility that tracks installed packages on Arch. So when you uninstall or remove packages, some dependencies are left behind, taking up disk space. In this quick tutorial, I will explain how to remove ALL orphaned packages installed as a dependency and no longer required by any package on Arch Linux. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to remove orphaned unused packages in Arch Linux appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-03-29T18:39:21Z 2023-03-29T18:39:21Z Vivek Gite

{Updated} Linux is a free and open source operating system. There are many variants of Linux out there. They are typically called Linux distribution. Suse, OpenSUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, Arch, Fedora, RHEL all are common Linux distribution names. Knowing your os version and name can be very useful for applying security patches on timeThe post How to find OS version of your Linux device/machine appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-03-29T18:33:00Z 2023-03-29T18:33:00Z Vivek Gite

Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post nvtop – Awesome Linux task monitor for NVIDIA, AMD & Intel GPUs appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-03-29T08:51:35Z 2023-03-29T08:51:35Z Vivek Gite

{Updated} For security reasons, it would be best to verify which TCP or UDP ports are listening on the Linux, FreeBSD or Unix server's network interfaces. This quick guide explains how to use the CLI utilities and code written in Bash, Perl, and Python to check for ports in USE or OPEN state.The post How to check if port is in use on Linux or Unix appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-03-29T08:41:00Z 2023-03-29T08:41:00Z Vivek Gite

Do you want to refresh and reload the group membership on Linux without rebooting the Linux machine or logging in again? Try the newgrp command to log in to a new group without logging in again or reboot the system. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to refresh and reload group membership on Linux without a reboot or logging in again appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-03-28T19:35:36Z 2023-03-28T19:35:36Z Vivek Gite

{Updated} Sometimes you need to verify that certain features are supported on your OpenSSH server and client. For example, not all versions of OpenSSH (SSHD server) and ssh client will support 2FA YubiKey or SFTP chroot jail support. To check the OpenSSH SSHD server and ssh client version, pass the -V option and it will display the version number and exit to the CLI. Unfortunately, I ran into unknown option -- V option. Let us see how to resolve this quickly, especially on an older version of BSD and Linux/Unix systems.The post How to find SSH server and client version on Linux and Unix appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-03-28T18:52:00Z 2023-03-28T18:52:00Z Vivek Gite

Ubuntu 22.04 LTS comes with LXD pure-container hypervisor to run an unmodified version of Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora, Alpine, Arch and many other Linux distro. You can mimic AWS or different cloud instance types with LXD for testing and deployment purposes on your development machine. You can also run a GUI app such as Firefox completely isolated using LXD for security or privacy reasons. Let us see how to set up and use LXD on the Ubuntu Linux 22.04 LTS using APT or snap command. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How To Install LXD on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS using apt/snap appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-03-22T20:59:37Z 2023-03-22T20:59:37Z Vivek Gite

{Updated} How do I can set IFS (internal field separator) while using read command in bash loops?The post Bash/KSH: Define Delimiter (IFS) While Using read Command appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-03-22T20:55:00Z 2023-03-22T20:55:00Z Vivek Gite

IP aliasing is nothing but associating more than one IP address to a network interface such as eth0. For example, using the following methods, you can add an IP alias on Amazon Linux 2. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to add an IP alias on Amazon Linux 2 appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-03-11T21:59:11Z 2023-03-11T21:59:11Z Vivek Gite

Let us see how to configure the Let's Encrypt email notification when a TLS/SSL cert is skipped, renewed, or an error is created by "acme.sh" client so developers or sysadmin can investigate the matter further. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to configure the Let’s Encrypt email notification when a cert is skipped, renewed, or error appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-02-15T04:39:50Z 2023-02-15T04:39:50Z Vivek Gite

{Updated} Are you getting the message: The following security updates require Ubuntu Pro with esm-apps enabled. Here is how to fix it to get updates on your Ubuntu Linux VM/Server or desktop.The post Fixing - The following security updates require Ubuntu Pro with esm-apps enable on Ubuntu Linux appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-02-03T10:35:00Z 2023-02-03T10:35:00Z Vivek Gite

nixCraft Patreon supporters can download the PDF version here. ChatGPT (short for Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a chatbot by OpenAI. It provides answers to your queries using learning techniques based on AI/ML. Unfortunately, ChatGPT deny access when connected via VPN (Virtual Private Network) such as WireGuard or OpenVPN, and you will be blocked with the following message: Let us see how to skip the ChatGPT domain from WireGuard or OpenVPN access while you can access corporate resources behind VPN. Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit The post How to skip ChatGPT from WireGuard or OpenVPN on Linux appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-02-02T19:22:05Z 2023-02-02T19:22:05Z Vivek Gite

{Updated} The iotop is a Linux command. It is a top-like utility for disk input and output (I/O). Use this command to see I/O usage information output by the Linux kernel. It displays a table of current I/O usage by Linux processes or threads on the Linux system. This post explains how to install and use the iotop command to discover what is stressing (or program names) on your hard drives under Linux operating systems.The post Linux iotop Check What is Stressing and Increasing Load On Hard Disks appeared first on nixCraft. 2023-01-20T22:29:00Z 2023-01-20T22:29:00Z Vivek Gite

What are AppImages and how do you use them on Linux?  ZDNet

Need a news app? Here are my top 5 across Android, Linux, and iOS  ZDNet

How Linux's insanely customizable desktop works | PCWorld  PCWorld

An international team of scientists used 1.8 billion letters of genetic code from more than 9,500 species covering almost 8,000 known flowering plant genera to create the most up-to-date understanding of the flowering plant tree of life. The research has been published in the journal Nature. Phys.Org reports: The major milestone for plant science, led by [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew] and involving 138 organizations internationally, was built on 15 times more data than any comparable studies of the flowering plant tree of life. Among the species sequenced for this study, more than 800 have never had their DNA sequenced before. The sheer amount of data unlocked by this research, which would take a single computer 18 years to process, is a huge stride towards building a tree of life for all 330,000 known species of flowering plants -- a massive undertaking by Kew's Tree of Life Initiative. The flowering plant tree of life, much like our own family tree, enables us to understand how different species are related to each other. The tree of life is uncovered by comparing DNA sequences between different species to identify changes (mutations) that accumulate over time like a molecular fossil record. Our understanding of the tree of life is improving rapidly in tandem with advances in DNA sequencing technology. For this study, new genomic techniques were developed to magnetically capture hundreds of genes and hundreds of thousands of letters of genetic code from every sample, orders of magnitude more than earlier methods. A key advantage of the team's approach is that it enables a wide diversity of plant material, old and new, to be sequenced, even when the DNA is badly damaged. The vast treasure troves of dried plant material in the world's herbarium collections, which comprise nearly 400 million scientific specimens of plants, can now be studied genetically. [...] Across all 9,506 species sequenced, more than 3,400 came from material sourced from 163 herbaria in 48 countries. Additional material from plant collections around the world (e.g., DNA banks, seeds, living collections) have been vital for filling key knowledge gaps to shed new light on the history of flowering plant evolution. The team also benefited from publicly available data for more than 1,900 species, highlighting value of the open science approach to future genomic research. Flowering plants alone account for about 90% of all known plant life on land and are found virtually everywhere on the planet -- from the steamiest tropics to the rocky outcrops of the Antarctic Peninsula. [...] Utilizing 200 fossils, the authors scaled their tree of life to time, revealing how flowering plants evolved across geological time. They found that early flowering plants did indeed explode in diversity, giving rise to more than 80% of the major lineages that exist today shortly after their origin. However, this trend then declined to a steadier rate for the next 100 million years until another surge in diversification about 40 million years ago, coinciding with a global decline in temperatures. These new insights would have fascinated Darwin and will surely help today's scientists grappling with the challenges of understanding how and why species diversify. A list of "remarkable species" included in the flowering plant tree of life is embedded below the article. Looking ahead, the study's authors believe this data will aid future attempts to identify new species, refine plant classification, uncover new medicinal compounds, and conserve plants in the face of climate change and biodiversity loss.

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